iindaba

Kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1950,ii-composites zeglasi eziqinisiweyo ngefayibhazazisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezingathwali mthwalo zee-airframes zehelikopta, ezifana neefairing kunye nezikhephe zokuhlola, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwempumelelo kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo zeehelikopta kwenzeka ngeminyaka yoo-1960 ngophuhliso oluphumeleleyo lwee-rotor blades ezidityanisiweyo zefayibha yeglasi. Oku kubonise iingenelo ezibalaseleyo zee-composites—amandla okudinwa aphezulu, ukuhanjiswa komthwalo ngeendlela ezininzi, iimpawu zokusasazwa kwee-crack ezicothayo, kunye nokulula kokubunjwa koxinzelelo—ezabonakala ngokupheleleyo kwizicelo zee-rotor blades. Ubuthathaka obukhoyo bee-composites ezidityanisiweyo zefayibha—amandla okucheba aphantsi phakathi kwe-laminar kunye novakalelo kwiimeko zendalo—azange buchaphazele kakubi uyilo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwee-rotor blade.

Nangona iiblayidi zesinyithi zihlala zinobomi obungadluli kwiiyure ezingama-2000, iiblayidi ezidityanisiweyo zinokufikelela kubomi obungaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-6000, mhlawumbi ezingapheliyo, kwaye zivumele ukugcinwa okusekelwe kwimeko. Oku akupheleli nje ekuphuculeni ukhuseleko lwehelikopta kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zomjikelo wobomi obupheleleyo beeblayidi, nto leyo evelisa iingenelo ezinkulu zoqoqosho. Inkqubo elula, elula ukuyisebenzisa yokubumba kunye nokunyanga ii-composites, idibene nokukwazi ukulungisa amandla, ukuqina (kubandakanya iimpawu zokudambisa), ivumela ukuphuculwa kweprofayili ye-aerodynamic esebenzayo kunye nokulungiswa kuyilo lweblayidi ye-rotor, kunye nokuphucula amandla olwakhiwo lwe-rotor. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970, uphando kwi-airfoids ezintsha luvelise uthotho lweeprofayili zeeblayidi zehelikopta ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Ezi airfoids zintsha zibonisa utshintsho oluvela kwi-symmetric ukuya kwi-curved fully, asymmetric designs, zifezekisa i-coefficients ephezulu yokuphakamisa kunye namanani abalulekileyo e-Mach, i-coefficients yokutsala encitshisiweyo, kunye notshintsho oluncinci kwi-moment coefficients. Uphuculo kwiimilo zeencam zeblayidi ye-rotor—ukusuka kwi-rectangular ukuya kwi-sweep tips, tapered tips; i-parabolic sweep down-curved tips; ukuya kwiingcebiso ze-BERP eziphucukileyo ezityibiliziweyo—ziphucule kakhulu ukusasazwa komthwalo we-aerodynamic, ukuphazamiseka kwe-vortex, ukungcangcazela, kunye neempawu zengxolo, ngaloo ndlela zinyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-rotor.

Ngaphezu koko, abayili basebenzise ukwenziwa ngcono okudibeneyo kwe-aerodynamics ye-rotor blade kunye ne-structural dynamics, bedibanisa ukwenziwa ngcono kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo kunye nokulungiswa koyilo lwe-rotor ukuze kufezekiswe ukusebenza ngcono kwe-blade kunye nokunciphisa ukungcangcazela/ingxolo. Ngenxa yoko, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, phantse zonke iihelikopta ezisandula ukuphuhliswa zasebenzisa ii-composite blades, ngelixa ukufaka kwakhona iimodeli ezindala ngee-metal blades ukuya kwezidityanisiweyo kwavelisa iziphumo eziphumelelayo kakhulu.

Izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusetyenziswa izinto ezidityanisiweyo kwizakhiwo ze-airframe zehelikopta ziquka: iindawo ezigobileyo ezintsonkothileyo zangaphandle zehelikopta, kunye nomthwalo omncinci wesakhiwo, okwenza zifaneleke ukwenziwa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo ukuphucula ukunyamezela umonakalo wesakhiwo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo nokuthembekileyo; imfuno yokunciphisa ubunzima bezakhiwo ze-airframe ze-helikopta eziluncedo kunye nezokuhlasela; kunye neemfuno zezakhiwo ezifunxa ukungqubana kunye noyilo olufihlakeleyo. Ukujongana nezi mfuno, i-US Army Aviation Applied Technology Research Institute yaseka i-Advanced Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) ngo-1979. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, xa ii-helikopta ezifana neSikorsky S-75, iBell D292, iBoeing 360, kunye ne-European MBB BK-117 kunye nee-airframe ezidityanisiweyo zaqala ukuvavanya iinqwelomoya, ukuya ekuhlanganisweni ngempumelelo kweBell Helicopter yamaphiko adityanisiweyo e-V-280 kunye ne-fuselage ngo-2016, uphuhliso lwee-helikopta ze-airframe ezidityanisiweyo luye lwenza inkqubela ebalulekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa neenqwelo-moya ezibhekisa kwi-aluminium alloy, ii-airframes ezidityanisiweyo zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezinkulu kubunzima bee-airframes, iindleko zemveliso, ukuthembeka, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo, zihlangabezana neenjongo zenkqubo ye-ACAP njengoko kuchaziwe kwiTheyibhile 1-3. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali zithi ukutshintsha ii-airframes ze-aluminium ngezakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo kubaluleke kakhulu njengokutshintsha kwee-airframes zelaphu lomthi ukuya kwizakhiwo zesinyithi ngeminyaka yoo-1940.

Ngokwemvelo, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo kwizakhiwo ze-airframe buxhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkcukacha zoyilo lwe-helikopta (iimetrikhi zokusebenza). Okwangoku, izinto ezidityanisiweyo zithatha i-30% ukuya kwi-50% yobunzima besakhiwo se-airframe kwiihelikopta zohlaselo oluphakathi nolunzima, ngelixa iihelikopta zothutho lomkhosi/zoluntu zisebenzisa iipesenti eziphezulu, zifikelela kwi-70% ukuya kwi-80%. Izinto ezidityanisiweyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ze-fuselage ezifana ne-tail boom, i-vertical stabilizer, kunye ne-horizontal stabilizer. Oku kufeza iinjongo ezimbini: ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokulula kokwenza iindawo ezintsonkothileyo njengezizinzisi ezithe nkqo ezithuthayo. Izakhiwo ezifunxa ukuqhekeka nazo zisebenzisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo ukufezekisa ukonga ubunzima. Nangona kunjalo, kwiihelikopta ezilula nezincinci ezinezakhiwo ezilula, imithwalo ephantsi, kunye neendonga ezibhityileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo kusenokungabi yindleko engabizi kakhulu.