iindaba

Izinto zeGraphene

I-Graphene yinto eyahlukileyo eyenziwe ngomaleko omnye weeathom zekhabhoni. Ibonisa ukuhanjiswa kombane okuphezulu kakhulu, ifikelela kwi-10⁶ S/m—iphindwe kalishumi elinesihlanu kuneyobhedu—nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona nto ine-resistivity ephantsi yombane eMhlabeni. Idatha ikwabonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwayo kunokufikelela kwi-1515.2 S/cm. Kwicandelo lezinto zepolymer, i-graphene inamandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa.

Xa ifakwa njengesongezelelo esisebenza kakuhle kwizixhobo zepolymer, igraphene iphucula kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka. Ukongeza igraphene kunyusa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwezinto, kubonelela ngokusebenza okugqwesileyo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki, iibhetri, kunye nezicelo ezifanayo. Amandla ayo aphezulu akwaphucula iipropati zoomatshini zezixhobo zepolymer, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kumacandelo afuna amandla amaninzi afana ne-aerospace kunye nemveliso yeemoto.

IiComposites zeCarbon Fiber eziSebenza ngokuPhezulu

I-carbon fiber yinto elula njengentsiba kodwa yomelele njengentsimbi, ibambe indawo ebalulekileyo kumhlaba wezinto. Isebenzisa uxinano lwayo oluphantsi kunye namandla aphezulu, i-carbon fiber isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeemoto nakwi-aerospace.

Kwimveliso yeemoto, isetyenziselwa iifreyimu zomzimba kunye nokwenziwa kwamacandelo, iphucula amandla esithuthi xa iyonke ngelixa inciphisa ubunzima kwaye iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli. Kwinqwelo-moya, isebenza njengesixhobo esifanelekileyo sezixhobo zesakhiwo seenqwelo-moya, inciphisa ubunzima beenqwelo-moya ngempumelelo, inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kwaye iphucula ukusebenza kokubhabha.

Izixhobo zeSemiconductor eziPhambili

Kule mihla yokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwetekhnoloji yolwazi, kukho imfuno enamandla yokuphuculwa kwetekhnoloji kuwo onke amacandelo. Ishishini lemveliso ye-elektroniki libonisa imfuneko ephawulekayo nekhula rhoqo yezixhobo ze-semiconductor ezisebenza kakuhle. Njengesiseko esiphambili setekhnoloji ye-elektroniki yanamhlanje, umgangatho wezixhobo ze-semiconductor umisela ngokuthe ngqo isantya sokusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki.

Kwinqanaba le-microscopic, iimpawu ezifana neempawu zombane, ulwakhiwo lwekristale, kunye nomxholo wokungcola zichaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwesixhobo se-elektroniki. Umzekelo, izixhobo ze-semiconductor ezine-carrier mobility ephezulu zivumela intshukumo ye-electron ekhawulezayo, zinyusa isantya sokubala. Izakhiwo zekristale ezicocekileyo zinciphisa ukusasazeka kwe-electron, ziphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle.

Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ezi zixhobo ze-semiconductor ezisebenza kakhulu zakha isiseko sokwenza izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezikhawulezayo nezisebenza kakuhle ezifana nee-smartphones, iiprosesa zekhompyutha, kunye neetships zonxibelelwano ezikhawulezayo. Zivumela ukwenziwa kwezinto ezincinci kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki, okuvumela iimodyuli ezisebenzayo ukuba zidityaniswe ngaphakathi kwendawo encinci. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi enzima yokubala kunye nokucubungula, ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yokufumana ulwazi kunye nokucubungula. Izixhobo ze-resin ezinxulumene nokuveliswa kwe-semiconductor zifanelwe ingqalelo.

Izixhobo zokuPrinta ze-3D

Ukususela kwisinyithi ukuya kwiplastiki, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji yokuprinta ye-3D kuxhomekeke kwinkxaso yezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezi zinto zibambe usetyenziso olubanzi kunye nokubaluleka okukhulu kwicandelo lezinto zepolymer.

Izixhobo zesinyithi kushicilelo lwe-3D zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezifuna amandla aphezulu kunye nokuchaneka, njengeenxalenye zenjini kwi-aerospace kunye nokufakelwa kwesinyithi kwizixhobo zonyango. Izixhobo zeplastiki, ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulula kokuzicwangcisa, zifumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi ngakumbi kushicilelo lwe-3D.

Izinto zePolymer zenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezinto zokuprinta ze-3D, zivula amathuba amakhulu kwitekhnoloji. IiPolymer ezikhethekileyo ezinokuhambelana kakuhle kwezinto eziphilayo zivumela ukuprintwa kweescaffold zezicubu ezenziwe ngebhayoloji. Ezinye iiPolymer zineempawu ezizodwa zokukhanya okanye zombane, ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zesicelo. IiThermoplastics, ezinyibilikisiweyo ngokufudumeza, zivumela ukufakwa komaleko ngomnyeleko ukuze kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza iimilo ezintsonkothileyo, nto leyo ezenza zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiprototyping yemveliso kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso ngokwezifiso.

Olu ncedo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo luvumela iteknoloji yokuprinta ye-3D ukuba ikhethe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuvelisa ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyenza imveliso efunekayo ibe yinyani. Nokuba kukwenza ngokwezifiso izixhobo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso okanye ukuvelisa izixhobo zonyango ezenzelwe wena kwinkonzo yezempilo, ukuprinta kwe-3D kusebenzisa izixhobo zayo ezininzi ukuze kufezekiswe imveliso esebenzayo, echanekileyo, eqhuba utshintsho olukhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Izixhobo zokuqhuba iSuperconducting

Njengezixhobo ezineempawu zomzimba ezizodwa, ii-superconductors zibambe indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yezinto, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye neziganeko ze-electromagnetic. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwezinto eziqhuba umbane ngamandla azo okuqhuba umbane ngaphandle kokumelana phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Le propati inika ii-superconductors amandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa kwicandelo lokuhanjiswa kombane.

Kwiinkqubo zokudlulisa umbane eziqhelekileyo, ukumelana okukhoyo kwiikhombisi kubangela ilahleko enkulu yamandla ngendlela yobushushu. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzisa i-superconducting kuthembisa ukuguqula le meko. Xa kusetyenziswa kwiintambo zokudlulisa umbane, umbane uhamba ngazo ngaphandle kokuthintelwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kungabikho lahleko yamandla ombane. Oku kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokudlulisa umbane, kunciphisa inkunkuma yamandla, kwaye kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

Izixhobo zokuqhuba i-superconducting nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwe-magnetic levitation. Oololiwe be-Maglev basebenzisa amandla anamandla e-magnetic aveliswa zizixhobo zokuqhuba i-superconducting ukuze basebenzisane namandla e-magnetic akumzila, nto leyo evumela uloliwe ukuba aqhube i-levitation aze asebenze ngesantya esiphezulu. Ipropati yezixhobo zokuqhuba i-superconducting ayixhathisi konke konke iqinisekisa ukuveliswa okuzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla e-magnetic, ibonelela ngamandla e-levitation kunye ne-propulsion aqhubekayo. Oku kuvumela oololiwe ukuba bahambe ngesantya esiphezulu ngokusebenza okuthe tye, nto leyo eguqula ngokusisiseko iindlela zokuthutha zemveli.

Amathuba okusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzisa i-superconducting abanzi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwempembelelo yazo ebalulekileyo ekudlulisweni kwamandla kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-magnetic levitation, zinokuba nexabiso elinokubakho kwezinye iinkalo ezifana netekhnoloji ye-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kwizixhobo zonyango kunye ne-particle accelerators kuphando lwefiziksi olunamandla aphezulu.

Izixhobo ze-Smart Bionic

Ngaphakathi kwicandelo elikhulu lesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, kukho udidi olukhethekileyo lwezinto eziphathekayo olufana nezakhiwo zebhayoloji ezifumaneka kwindalo, ezibonisa iimpawu ezimangalisayo. Ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lezinto zepolymer. Zinokusabela kutshintsho lwendalo, ukuzilungisa, kwanokuzicoca.

Ezinye izinto zepolymer ezikrelekrele zineempawu ezilinganisa izakhiwo zebhayoloji. Umzekelo, ezinye iihydrogel zepolymer zifumana ugqozi lwesakhiwo kwi-extracellular matrix efumaneka kwizicubu zebhayoloji. Ezi hydrogel zinokuva utshintsho lomswakama kwindawo ezikuyo: xa umswakama uncipha, ziyancipha ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulahleka kwamanzi; kwaye ziyanda ukuze zifunxe umswakama xa umswakama usanda, ngaloo ndlela zisabela kumanqanaba omswakama okusingqongileyo.

Ngokuphathelele ukuziphilisa, ezinye izinto zepolymeric eziqulathe iibhondi zeekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo okanye izakhiwo ezincinci zinokuzilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo emva kokuba zonakele. Umzekelo, iipolymers ezineebhondi ze-covalent ezinamandla zinokuzihlela kwakhona ezi bondi phantsi kweemeko ezithile xa kuvela iintanda zomphezulu, ziphilisa umonakalo kwaye zibuyisele ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza kwento.

Ukuze izinto ezithile ezizicocayo zisebenze, ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-polymeric ziyakwenza oku ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezizodwa zomphezulu okanye utshintsho lweekhemikhali. Umzekelo, ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-polymeric coating zinezakhiwo ezincinci ezifana namagqabi e-lotus. Olu lwakhiwo luvumela amathontsi amanzi ukuba enze amabala kumphezulu wento aze aqengqeleke ngokukhawuleza, ngaxeshanye athwale uthuli kunye nothuli, ngaloo ndlela efezekisa isiphumo sokuzicoca.

Izinto ezibolayo

Kuluntu lwanamhlanje, imingeni yokusingqongileyo inzima kakhulu, kwaye ungcoliseko oluqhubekayo lusongela indalo. Ngaphakathi kwicandelo lezinto eziphathekayo,izinto ezibolayozifumene ingqwalasela enkulu njengezisombululo ezizinzileyo, zibonisa iingenelo ezizodwa kunye nexabiso elikhulu lokusetyenziswa, ingakumbi ngaphakathi kwecandelo lezixhobo zepolymeric.

Kwicandelo lezonyango, izinto ezibolayo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuvala amanxeba zihlala zenziwe ngezinto ezibolayo zepolymer. Ezi zinto zibola kancinci kancinci ngexesha lokuphiliswa kwamanxeba, zisusa isidingo sokususwa kwaye zinciphisa ukungonwabi kwesigulana kunye neengozi zokosuleleka.

Kwangaxeshanye, iipolymers ezibolayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zobunjineli bezicubu kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa amayeza. Zisebenza njengee-scaffolds zeseli, zibonelela ngenkxaso yolwakhiwo lokukhula kweeseli kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Ezi zinto zibola ngokuhamba kwexesha ngaphandle kokushiya iintsalela emzimbeni, ngaloo ndlela ziphepha iingozi zempilo ezinokubakho.

Kwicandelo lokupakisha, izinto ezibolayo zinamandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa. Ukupakisha kweplastiki yendabuko kunzima ukubola, nto leyo ekhokelela kungcoliseko olumhlophe oluqhubekayo. Iimveliso zokupakisha ezenziwe ngeepolymers ezibolayo, ezifana neengxowa zeplastiki kunye neebhokisi, ziyabola kancinci zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ngesenzo seentsholongwane kwiindawo zendalo emva kokusetyenziswa, nto leyo enciphisa ungcoliseko oluqhubekayo. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokupakisha ze-polylactic acid (PLA) zibonelela ngeempawu ezilungileyo zoomatshini nezokucubungula ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zokupakisha ngelixa zibolayo, nto leyo ezenza zibe lolunye ukhetho olufanelekileyo.

Izinto ezincinci

Kwinkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yesayensi yezinto, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-nanomaterials ziye zavela njengendawo ephambili yophando kunye nokusetyenziswa ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezizodwa kunye nokukwazi ukulawula izinto kwi-microscope. Zikwabambe indawo ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-polymer. Ngokulawula izinto kwi-nanoscale, ezi zinto zibonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ezilungele ukwenza igalelo elikhulu kunyango, amandla, kunye ne-elektroniki.

Kwicandelo lezonyango, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-nanomaterials zinika amathuba amatsha okuxilonga nonyango lwesifo. Umzekelo, ezinye izinto ze-nanopolymer zinokwakhiwa njengezithuthi zokuhambisa amayeza ezijoliswe kuzo. Ezi zinto zithwala amayeza zihambisa ngokuchanekileyo kwiiseli ezigulayo, ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle konyango ngelixa zinciphisa umonakalo kwizicubu eziphilileyo. Ukongeza, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-nanomaterials zisetyenziswa kwi-medical imaging—ii-nanoscale contrast agents, umzekelo, ziphucula ukucaca kunye nokuchaneka kwe-imaging, zinceda oogqirha ekuxilongeni isifo ngokuchanekileyo.

Kwicandelo lamandla, ii-nanomaterials ngokufanayo zibonisa amandla amakhulu. Umzekelo, cinga ngee-nanocomposites ze-polymer, ezisetyenziswa kubuchwepheshe bebhetri. Ukufaka ii-nanomaterials kunokunyusa uxinano lwamandla ebhetri kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja/ukukhupha, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula ukusebenza ngokubanzi. Kwiiseli zelanga, ezinye ii-nanomaterials zinokuphucula ukufunxwa kokukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula, ziphucule amandla okuvelisa umbane wezixhobo ze-photovoltaic.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-nanomaterials kuyanda ngokukhawuleza kwi-elektroniki. Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-nanoscale polymer zivumela ukuveliswa kwezinto ezincinci nezisebenza kakuhle kwi-elektroniki. Umzekelo, uphuhliso lwee-nanotransistors luvumela ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kunye nokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ukongeza, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-nanomaterials zinceda ekudalweni kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-elektroniki eziguquguqukayo, zihlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zezixhobo ze-elektroniki eziphathwayo nezigobekayo.

Isishwankathelo

Ukuqhubela phambili kwezi zinto akuyi kukhuthaza nje kuphela uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kodwa kuya kubonelela ngamathuba amatsha okujongana nemingeni yehlabathi kumandla, okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo.