iindaba

Izinto zeGraphene

Igraphene yimathiriyeli eyodwa eyenziwe ngumaleko omnye weeathom zekhabhoni. Ibonisa ukuhanjiswa kombane okuphezulu kakhulu, ifikelela kwi-10⁶ S/m—i-15 ephindwe ka-15 kobhedu—iyenza ibe yeyona nto inamandla okuxhathisa umbane eMhlabeni. Idatha ibonisa kwakhona ukuba i-conductivity yayo inokufikelela kwi-1515.2 S / cm. Kwintsimi yemathiriyeli yepolymer, igraphene ibambe amandla amakhulu okusebenza.

Xa ifakwe njenge-additives ephezulu yokusebenza kwi-polymer materials, i-graphene iphakamisa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye nokumelana nokunxiba. Ukongeza igraphene kwandisa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwezinto, ukuhambisa ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kwizixhobo zombane, iibhetri, kunye nosetyenziso olufanayo. Amandla ayo aphezulu nawo aphucula iipropathi zoomatshini bezinto zokwakha zepolymer, ziyenza ifaneleke kumacandelo afuna amandla aphezulu njenge-aerospace kunye nokuveliswa kweemoto.

IiNdibaniselwano zeFayibha zeCarbon ezisebenza ngokuPhezulu

Ifayibha yeCarbon yimathiriyeli ekhaphukhaphu njengentsiba kodwa yomelele njengentsimbi, ibambe indawo ebalulekileyo kumhlaba wemathiriyeli. Ukusebenzisa ubuninzi bayo obuphantsi kunye namandla aphezulu, i-carbon fiber ifumana izicelo ezibalulekileyo kuzo zombini imveliso yeemoto kunye ne-aerospace.

Kwimveliso yeemoto, isetyenziselwa iifreyimu zomzimba kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto, ukomeleza amandla emoto ngokubanzi ngelixa unciphisa ubunzima kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha. Kwi-aerospace, isebenza njengesixhobo esifanelekileyo kumalungu esakhiwo senqwelomoya, ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ubunzima benqwelomoya, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwenqwelomoya.

IiMathiriyeli ze-Semiconductor eziPhezulu

Kweli xesha lanamhlanje lokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji yolwazi olukhawulezayo, kukho imfuno emandla yophuculo lwetekhnoloji kuwo onke amacandelo. Umzi mveliso we-elektroniki ubonisa imfuno ebalaseleyo neqhubekayo ekhula yemathiriyeli ye-semiconductor esebenza kakhulu. Njengesiseko esisisiseko setekhnoloji ye-elektroniki yale mihla, umgangatho wezixhobo ze-semiconductor umisela ngokuthe ngqo isantya sokusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo zombane.

Kwinqanaba lemicroscopic, iimpawu ezinje ngeempawu zombane, ubume bekristale, kunye nomxholo wobumdaka obunempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwesixhobo sombane. Ngokomzekelo, izixhobo ze-semiconductor ezinokuhamba okuphezulu kwe-elektroni zivumela ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwe-electron, ukonyusa isantya sokubala. Izakhiwo zekristale ezicocekileyo zinciphisa ukusasazwa kwe-electron, ngakumbi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.

Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ezi zixhobo zesemiconductor zisebenza kakhulu zenza isiseko sokwenza ngokukhawuleza, izixhobo zombane ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo njengee-smartphones, iiprosesa zekhompyuter, kunye neechips zonxibelelwano olukhawulezayo. Benza ukuba i-miniaturization kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezixhobo zombane, ukuvumela iimodyuli ezisebenzayo ngakumbi ukuba zihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwendawo encinci. Oku kunceda ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi entsonkothileyo yokubala kunye nokusetyenzwa, ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ehlala ikhula yokufunyanwa nokusetyenzwa kolwazi. Izinto ze-resin ezinxulumene nokuveliswa kwe-semiconductor zifanelwe ingqalelo.

Izixhobo zoShicilelo ze-3D

Ukusuka kwisinyithi ukuya kwiiplastiki, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D kuxhomekeke kwinkxaso yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ezi zixhobo zibambe usetyenziso olubanzi kunye nokubaluleka okubalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwintsimi yemathiriyeli yepolymer.

Izinto zetsimbi kushicilelo lwe-3D zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amacandelo afuna amandla aphezulu kunye nokuchaneka, njengeenjini ze-injini kwi-aerospace kunye nokufakelwa kwetsimbi kwizixhobo zonyango. Izixhobo zePlastiki, ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye nokucutshungulwa ngokulula, zifumene usetyenziso olubanzi ngakumbi kushicilelo lwe-3D.

Iimathiriyeli zePolymer zenza icandelo elibalulekileyo lemathiriyeli yoshicilelo ye-3D, ivula amathuba amakhulu etekhnoloji. Iipolymers ezikhethekileyo ezine-biocompatibility egqwesileyo zenza ukuba ushicilelo lwe-bioengineered tissue scaffolds. Ezinye iipholima zineepropati ezizodwa zokubona okanye zombane, ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zesicelo. I-Thermoplastics, inyibilika ngokufudumeza, ivumela ukubekwa kweleya-nga-maleko ukuze kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza iimilo ezintsonkothileyo, zizenze zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiprototyping yemveliso kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso.

Le nkxaso yezinto ezahlukeneyo zenza ukuba itekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D ikhethe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokwenziwa ngokusekwe kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo, ukwenza imveliso efunwayo ibe yinyani. Nokuba kukwenza izinto ngokwezifiso kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso okanye ukuvelisa izixhobo zonyango ezizezakho kukhathalelo lwezempilo, ushicilelo lwe-3D lusebenzisa izixhobo zalo zemathiriyeli ezibanzi ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuveliswa okusebenzayo, okuchanekileyo, ukuqhuba utshintsho oluguquguqukayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Izinto zokwenziwa kweSuperconducting

Njengemathiriyeli eneempawu ezibonakalayo ezizodwa, ii-superconductors zibambe indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yezixhobo, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye nezinto ezenzeka kwi-electromagnetic. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwezinto eziphathekayo ze-superconducting yikhono labo lokuqhuba umbane ngokungahambisani ne-zero phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Le propati inika ii-superconductors ezinamandla amakhulu okusebenza kwintsimi yokuhanjiswa kwamandla.

Kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuhanjiswa kwamandla, ukuchasana okuhambelana nee-conductor kubangela ilahleko enkulu yamandla ngendlela yobushushu. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphezulu ze-superconducting zithembisa ukuguqula le meko. Xa usetyenziswa kwiintambo zothumelo lombane, umsinga uqukuqela kuzo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekeni kwamandla ombane angabikho. Oku kuphucula ngokubonakalayo ukuhanjiswa, kunciphisa inkcitho yamandla, kwaye kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

Iimathiriyeli zeSuperconducting nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuthutho lwemagnethi levitation. Oololiwe baseMaglev basebenzisa amandla emagnethi enziwe zizixhobo ze-superconducting ukuze banxibelelane nemagnethi esendleleni, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uloliwe alawuleke kwaye asebenze ngesantya esiphezulu. Ipropathi ye-zero-resistance ye-superconducting materials iqinisekisa isizukulwana esizinzile kunye nokugcinwa kwamagnetic fields, ukubonelela nge-levitation ehambelanayo kunye ne-propulsion forces. Oku kuvumela oololiwe ukuba bahambe ngesantya esiphezulu besebenza ngokutyibilikayo, ngokusisiseko baguqula iindlela zothutho zemveli.

Amathuba okufakwa kwezicelo zezinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting abanzi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwempembelelo yabo ebalulekileyo ekuhanjisweni kwamandla kunye nokuthuthwa kwemagnethi, babambe ixabiso elinokubakho kwezinye iindawo ezifana neteknoloji ye-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kwizixhobo zonyango kunye ne-accelerator yamasuntswana kuphando lwe-physics yamandla aphezulu.

Izixhobo ze-Smart Bionic

Kummandla omkhulu wenzululwazi yemathiriyeli, kukho udidi olukhethekileyo lwemathiriyeli elinganisa izakhiwo zebhayoloji ezifumaneka kwindalo, ebonisa iimpawu ezimangalisayo. Ezi zixhobo zibambe ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwicandelo lezinto zepolymer. Banokusabela kutshintsho lwemekobume, ukuzilungisa, kwanokuzicoca.

Ezinye izixhobo zepolymer ezikrelekrele zineempawu ezilinganisa ubume bebhayoloji. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-polymer hydrogels zoba impembelelo yolwakhiwo kwi-matrix engaphandle kweseli efumaneka kwizicubu zebhayoloji. Ezi hydrogels zinokuva utshintsho lokufuma kwindawo yazo: xa ukufuma kuncipha, zisebenza ukunciphisa ilahleko yamanzi; kunye nokwandisa ukufunxa ukufuma xa ukufuma kunyuka, ngaloo ndlela kusabela kumanqanaba okufuma kokusingqongileyo.

Ngokuphathelele ukuziphilisa, izinto ezithile zepolymeric eziqulethe iibhondi ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali okanye i-microstructures ziyakwazi ukuzilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo emva komonakalo. Umzekelo, iipolymers ezinebhondi eguqukayo ye-covalent zinokuphinda zihlengahlengise ezi bhondi phantsi kweemeko ezithile xa kuvela iintanda ezingaphezulu, ziphilisa umonakalo kunye nokubuyisela imfezeko kunye nokusebenza kwemathiriyeli.

Ngomsebenzi wokuzicoca, izinto ezithile zepolymeric zifezekisa oku ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo okanye ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye izinto zokugquma iipolymeric zibonakalisa izakhiwo ezincinci ezifana namagqabi elotus. Le microstructure yenza amathontsi amanzi enze amaso kumphezulu wezinto kwaye roll off ngokukhawuleza, ngaxeshanye ethwele uthuli kunye nobumdaka, ngaloo ndlela ukuphumeza isiphumo self-coca.

Izinto eziSetyenziswa yi-Biodegradable

Kuluntu lwanamhlanje, imiceli mngeni yemekobume inzima, nongcoliseko oluzingileyo lubeka esichengeni imixokomelwano yendalo esingqongileyo. Ngaphakathi kwibala lemathiriyeli,izinto ezinokubolaziye zafumana ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo njengezisombululo ezizinzileyo, ezibonisa inzuzo eyodwa kunye nexabiso elikhulu lesicelo, ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwendawo yezinto zepolymeric.

Kwicandelo lezonyango, izinto ezingonakali zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, iisutures ezisetyenziselwa ukuvala amanxeba zihlala zenziwe ngezinto zepolymer ezibolayo. Ezi zixhobo zinciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphulukisa isilonda, ukuphelisa isidingo sokususwa kunye nokunciphisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwesigulane kunye neengozi zosulelo.

Kwangaxeshanye, iipolymers ze-biodegradable zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli beethishu kunye neenkqubo zokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi. Zisebenza njenge-scaffolds zeselula, zibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo sokukhula kweeseli kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Ezi zixhobo ziyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha ngaphandle kokushiya iintsalela emzimbeni, ngaloo ndlela zithintela iingozi zempilo ezinokubakho.

Kwicandelo lokupakisha, iimathiriyeli ezinokubola zibambe amandla amakhulu osetyenziso. Ukupakishwa kweplastiki yemveli kunzima ukuthoba, okukhokelela kungcoliseko olumhlophe oluzingileyo. Iimveliso zokupakisha ezenziwe kwiipolymers eziguquguqukayo, ezinjengeengxowa zeplastiki kunye neebhokisi, ngokuthe ngcembe zibola zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ngesenzo se-microbial kwindawo yendalo emva kokusetyenziswa, ukunciphisa ungcoliseko oluqhubekayo. Umzekelo, i-polylactic acid (PLA) imathiriyeli yokupakisha ibonelela ngoomatshini kunye neepropathi ezifanelekileyo zokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zokupakisha ngelixa zibola, zizenza enye indlela efanelekileyo.

Nanomatadium

Kwinkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yesayensi yezinto, i-nanomaterials iye yavela njengophando kunye ne-hotspot yesicelo ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezizodwa kunye nokukwazi ukuphatha umcimbi kwi-microscopic scale. Bakwabambe indawo ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwintsimi yezinto zepolymer. Ngokulawula izinto kwi-nanoscale, ezi zixhobo zibonisa iipropathi ezahlukileyo ezilungele ukwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kumayeza, amandla kunye ne-elektroniki.

Kwicandelo lezonyango, iipropati ezikhethekileyo ze-nanomaterials zibonisa amathuba amatsha okuxilongwa kwezifo kunye nokunyangwa. Ngokomzekelo, izixhobo ezithile ze-nanopolymer zinokuthi zenziwe njengeemoto ezijoliswe kuzo zokuhambisa iziyobisi. Aba bathwali bahambisa amayeza ngokuchanekileyo kwiiseli ezigulayo, ukuphucula ukusebenza konyango ngelixa kuncitshiswa umonakalo kwizicubu ezinempilo. Ukongezelela, i-nanomaterials isetyenziswe kwi-imaging yezokwelapha-i-nanoscale-contrast agents, umzekelo, ukwandisa ukucaca kwe-imaging kunye nokuchaneka, ukunceda oogqirha ekuxilongweni kwezifo ezichanekileyo.

Kwicandelo lamandla, i-nanomatadium ngokufanayo ibonisa amandla amakhulu. Thatha iipolymer nanocomposites, umzekelo, ezifumana ukusetyenziswa kwitekhnoloji yebhetri. Ukubandakanya i-nanomaterials kunokunyusa ubuninzi bamandla ebhetri kunye nokutshaja / ukukhupha ukusebenza kakuhle, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza ngokubanzi. Kwiiseli zelanga, i-nanomaterials ethile inokuphucula ukukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa, ukunyusa amandla okuvelisa amandla ezixhobo ze-photovoltaic.

Ukusetyenziswa kwama-nanomaterials nako kwanda ngokukhawuleza kwi-electronics. Izixhobo zepolymer zeNanoscale zenza ukuba kuveliswe izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezincinci, ezisebenza kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, uphuhliso lwe-nanotransistors luvumela ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kunye nokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwizixhobo zombane. Ukongeza, i-nanomaterials iququzelela ukuyilwa kwezinto zombane eziguquguqukayo, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zezixhobo zombane eziphathwayo kunye nezigobekileyo.

Isishwankathelo

ukuqhubela phambili kwezi mathiriyeli akuyi kuqhuba ukuqalwa kwezinto zobuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa kuya kubonelela ngamathuba amatsha okujongana nemingeni yehlabathi kumandla, okusingqongileyo, kunye nempilo.